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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Papers; IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Papers: Working Group I, The Physical Science Basis of Climate Change, 2005-2007; Second Order Draft. ESPP IPCCAR4WG1. Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives. Harvard College Library, Cambridge, Mass.
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Second-Order Draft Chapter 4 IPCC WG1 Fourth Assessment Report
1 Chapter 4: Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground
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3 Coordinating Lead Authors: Peter Lemke (Germany), Jiawen Ren (China)
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5 Lead Authors: Richard Alley (USA), Ian Allison (Australia), Jorge Carrasco (Chile), Gregory Flato
6 (Canada), Yoshiyuki Fujii (Japan), Georg Kaser (Austria), Philip Mote (USA), Robert Thomas (USA),
7 Tingjun Zhang (USA)
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9 Contributing Authors: Jason Box (USA), David Bromwich (USA), Ross Brown (Canada), Graham Cogley
10 (Canada), Joey Comiso (USA), Mark Dyurgerov (USA), Blair Fitzharris (New Zealand), Oliver Frauenfeld
11 (USA), Helen Fricker (USA), Hilmar Gudmundsson (UK), Christian Haas (Germany), Jan-Ove Hagen
12 (Norway), Charles Harris (UK), Larry Hinzman (USA), Regine Hock (Sweden), Martin Hoelzle
13 (Switzerland), Philippe Huybrechts (Belgium), Ketil Isaksen (Norway), Peter Jansson (Sweden), Adrian
14 Jenkins (UK), Ian Joughin (USA), Christoph Kottmeier (Germany), Ron Kwok (USA), Seymour Laxon
15 (UK), Shiyin Liu (China), Douglas MacAyeal (USA), Humphrey Melling (Canada), Atsumu Ohmura
16 (Switzerland), Anthony Payne (UK), Terry Prowse (Canada), Bruce Raup (USA), Charlie Raymond (USA),
17 Eric Rignot (USA), Ignatius Rigor (USA), David Robinson (USA), Drew Rothrock (USA), Simon Scherrer
18 (Switzerland), Sharon Smith (Canada), Olga Solomina (Russia), David Vaughan (UK), John Walsh (USA),
19 Anthony Worby (Australia), Tomomi Yamada (Japan), Lin Zhao (China)
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21 Review Editors: Roger Barry (USA), Toshio Koike (Japan)
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23 Date of Draft: 2 March 2006
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25 Notes: TSU compiled version
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27
28 Table of Contents
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30 Executive Summary............................................................................................................................................................2
31 4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................4
32 4.2 Changes in Snow Cover.............................................................................................................................................5
33 4.2.1 Background...................................................................................................................................................5
34 4.2.2 Observations of Snow Cover, Snow Duration, and Snow Quantity..............................................................6
35 4.3 Changes in River and Lake Ice ..................................................................................................................................8
36 4.3.1 Background...................................................................................................................................................8
37 4.3.2 Changes in Freeze-up and Break-up Dates..................................................................................................9
38 4.4 Changes in Sea Ice .....................................................................................................................................................9
39 4.4.1 Background...................................................................................................................................................9
40 4.4.2 Sea Ice Extent and Concentration..............................................................................................................10
41 4.4.3 Sea Ice Thickness........................................................................................................................................12
42 4.4.4 Pack Ice Motion..........................................................................................................................................15
43 4.5 Changes in Glaciers and Ice Caps............................................................................................................................16
44 4.5.1 Background.................................................................................................................................................16
45 4.5.2. Large and Global Scale Analyses...............................................................................................................17
46 4.5.3 Special Regional Features..........................................................................................................................18
47 4.5.4 Changing Runoff from Glaciers and Ice Caps............................................................................................19
48 4.6 Changes and Stability of Ice Sheets and Ice Shelves ...............................................................................................20
49 4.6.1 Background.................................................................................................................................................20
50 4.6.2 Mass Balance of the Ice Sheets and Ice Shelves..........................................................................................20
51 4.6.3 Causes of Changes......................................................................................................................................25
52 Box 4.1: Ice Sheet Dynamics and Stability ......................................................................................................................27
53 4.7 Changes in Frozen Ground.......................................................................................................................................28
54 4.7.1 Background.................................................................................................................................................28
55 4.7.2 Changes in Permafrost................................................................................................................................29
56 4.7.3 Changes in Seasonally Frozen Ground.......................................................................................................32
57 4.7.4 Consequences..............................................................................................................................................33
58 4.8 Synthesis ..................................................................................................................................................................33
59 References ........................................................................................................................................................................35
60 Question 4.1: Is the Amount of Snow and Ice on the Earth Decreasing? .........................................................................46
Do Not Cite or Quote 4-1 Total pages: 46